Experimental study of a hemispherical three-dimensional solar collector operating with silver-water nanofluid

In this experimental study, a fixed three-dimensional solar collector with hemispherical geometry has been evaluated in accordance ASHRAE standards. The features spiral tubes that transport fluid from the inlet to outlet no riser. Pure water and Ag-water nanofluid at different nanoparticle concentrations (0.1, 0.2 0.3%) flow rates (0.1–0.6 GPM) were tested under environmental conditions (temperature radiation). results show collector, owing its specific arrangement of pipes relation overall surface area, exhibits promising thermal performance, making it viable candidate for both domestic industrial deployment. average increase efficiency when switching was found be around 11%, maximum (61.1%) occurring concentration 0.3% rate 0.6 GPM.